Causes of Oncological Disease: Understanding Cysts, Tumors, and Cancers
Oncological diseases refer to various forms of cancer caused by abnormal cell growth, including the development of cysts and tumors. These diseases can affect different parts of the body such as prostate, lungs, skin and digestive system. Understanding the causes of oncological diseases is important for early detection and prevention.

What are cysts and tumors?
Before starting to investigate the causes, it is important to distinguish between cysts, tumors and the types of cancer they can lead to.

Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop anywhere on the body. Most cysts are benign and harmless, but some may be precancerous or cancerous.
Tumors refer to masses of tissue formed by abnormal cell growth. Tumors can be classified as:
Benign tumors that are not cancerous and have not spread to other parts of the body.
Malignant tumors that are cancerous and have the potential to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs.

Causes of Oncological Diseases
Cancer has no single cause; rather, a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute to the development of oncological diseases. Some of the most common reasons are:

Genetic factors
Some people inherit mutations that increase their risk of developing cancer. For example, mutations in their genes are associated with breast and ovarian cancer. Genetic predisposition may also play a role in prostate cancer and other types of oncological diseases.

Environmental carcinogens
Exposure to harmful chemicals such as asbestos, tobacco smoke, and some industrial pollutants have been shown to cause malignancies. Prolonged exposure to these carcinogens can damage cells and cause mutations that promote uncontrolled cell growth.

Exposure to radiation
High levels of radiation, including ultraviolet rays from the sun and radiation therapy used to treat other cancers, can damage DNA and contribute to the formation of both benign and malignant tumors.

Lifestyle factors
Lifestyle choices such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and an unhealthy diet are associated with the development of cancer. For example, smoking is a well-known cause of lung cancer, while excessive alcohol consumption is associated with cancers of the liver, throat, and esophagus.

Chronic infections
Certain infections can increase the risk of cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to cause cervical cancer, while chronic hepatitis B or C infection can cause liver cancer. Similarly, infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria increases the risk of stomach cancer.

Causes of Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases in men, especially in men over 50 years of age. The exact cause of prostate cancer is unknown, but several risk factors have been identified:

Age and Genetics: Men with a family history of prostate cancer are at higher risk.
Hormonal changes: High levels of testosterone and other androgens are associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer.
Diet: A diet rich in red meat and dairy products may increase the risk of prostate cancer, while a diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce it.
Early signs of cancer
Early detection of cancer is very important for successful treatment. While some cancers show no symptoms in the early stages, others may have warning signs. Some common early signs of cancer include:

Unexplained weight loss: Sudden and significant weight loss can be a sign of cancer.
Persistent Fatigue: Chronic fatigue that does not improve with rest may indicate the presence of cancer.
Unusual spots, spots, or growths: Skin changes, especially in the breast, can indicate benign or malignant tumors.
Changes in Skin Appearance: Spots, warts, or changes in skin pigmentation can be an early sign of skin cancer.
Persistent cough or hoarseness: A chronic cough can be a sign of lung cancer, especially in smokers.

Oncological diseases, including cancers caused by cysts and tumors, are caused by a complex interaction of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. Early detection by being aware of symptoms such as weight loss and persistent fatigue is critical to treatment success. By understanding the causes of prostate cancer and other malignancies, it is important to take steps to reduce your risk and seek medical attention at the earliest signs of cancer.